“Rétablir la confiance” entre les Emirats et l’Iran “prendra une éternité” (haut responsable émirati)

04.24.2026

“Rétablir la confiance” entre les Emirats arabes unis et l’Iran prendra “une éternité”, après les attaques menées par Téhéran sur le pays depuis le début de la guerre avec les Etats-Unis et Israël, a déclaré vendredi le conseiller du président émirati, Anwar Gargash.

“Rétablir la confiance est illusoire (…). On ne peut pas être attaqué avec 2.800 missiles et drones et ensuite parler de confiance. Cela prendra une éternité”, a affirmé l’influent conseiller diplomatique lors d’un intervention en visioconférence à la World Policy Conference organisée par l’Institut français des relations internationales (IFRI) à Chantilly, près de Paris.

Après le début de la guerre au Moyen-Orient, le 28 février, marqué par une série de frappes américaines et israéliennes contre l’Iran, Téhéran a riposté contre les alliés des États-Unis dans la région qui accueillent des bases américaines. Les Emirats ont été les plus touchés.

“Il est désormais évident pour la région, les Émirats arabes unis et d’autres pays, que l’Iran sera perçu comme une menace stratégique majeure” à l’avenir, a-t-il ajouté, estimant que les attaques sur les pays du Golfe étaient “délibérément planifiée par l’Iran, non seulement pour aggraver la crise, mais aussi pour témoigner du peu d’importance qu’il accorde aux relations irano-arabes”.

Selon Anwar Gargash, environ 90% des attaques iraniennes contre les Emirats visaient “essentiellement des civils, des infrastructures civiles, des infrastructures énergétiques”, contrairement à “la propagande iranienne” qui dit avoir ciblé des installations militaires notamment américaines.

Evoquant le cessez-le-feu en vigueur entre Washington et Téhéran alors que les négociations pour mettre fin à la guerre sont au point mort, il a estimé que le “risque à court terme” est que le pouvoir iranien interprète la situation actuelle, “c’est-à-dire le maintien du régime en

place et le blocus du détroit d’Ormuz”, comme une “victoire”.

“Ce calcul peut durer des semaines, mais pas indéfiniment (…). Je parie donc sur une reprise des négociations”, a ajouté M. Gargash, assurant que l’Iran se trouve actuellement dans une “impasse”, avec un pouvoir “très désuni et désorganisé” après des semaines de frappes américano-israéliennes.

A long terme, cette guerre “renforcera la présence américaine dans la région, au lieu de la réduire”, a-t-il estimé, contredisant certaines analyses estimant que la présence de bases américaines aurait joué en défaveur des pays du Golfe.

“Il ne s’agit pas seulement de bases. Il s’agit aussi d’équipements, d’alliances, d’une approche politique et diplomatique”, a assuré le conseiller diplomatique.

Pour lui, un nombre croissant de responsables de la région “ne percevront plus Israël comme une menace” même s’ils “resteront toujours attachés à la cause palestinienne”.

“En réalité, je pense que beaucoup d’entre eux ouvriront des canaux politiques et s’intéresseront peut-être de plus en plus aux équipements de défense israéliens”, a-t-il dit.

« Trump donne des arguments à toutes les puissances qui auraient des velléités impériales »

04.23.2026

« Trump donne des arguments à toutes les puissances qui auraient des velléités impériales »

Malmenée par son allié transatlantique, l’Europe fait face à des questions difficiles sur son organisation et sa défense. Thierry de Montbrial, fondateur de la World Policy Conference qui se tient ce week-end à Chantilly et dont « Les Echos » sont partenaires, explique le glissement du multilatéralisme vers un club de puissances dominantes obligeant l’Europe à se repenser.

Dans un monde où le multilatéralisme s’efface au profit de blocs dominants, Thierry de Montbrial plaide pour une Europe plus unie et proactive, capable de garantir sa sécurité et de peser face aux grandes puissances, tout en respectant les identités nationales.

A l’approche de la 17e édition, ce week-end à Chantilly, de la World Policy Conference, qu’il a fondée, le président exécutif de l’Institut français des relations internationales nous éclaire sur les grands enjeux de la gouvernance mondiale.

A la façon dont l’administration Trump traite l’Europe, au-delà des aspects sécuritaires et économiques, s’ajoute une couche d’agression politique et morale puisqu’il veut choisir nos dirigeants. Comment répondre ?

Il y a deux aspects qu’il faut distinguer dans la politique étrangère de Trump. Le fait que l’Alliance atlantique n’ait plus la même signification qu’à l’époque de la guerre froide est, pour moi, une évidence. La Russie n’est pas l’URSS. Trump accentue brutalement une tendance.

Le deuxième aspect est le style. Parler sans retenue est un syndrome de toute-puissance, quand on se permet de dire n’importe quoi, d’insulter tout le monde et de s’ingérer dans les affaires intérieures des autres. Pareille attitude est contagieuse et donc dangereuse, et je crains qu’on ait du mal à revenir complètement en arrière.

Il y a plus que des mots puisqu’il y a eu une opération militaire au Venezuela, une guerre en Iran. Cela aussi a des conséquences ?

En se comportant systématiquement de la sorte, Trump donne des arguments à toutes les puissances dans ce monde qui auraient des velléités impériales. Notons que la Chine répond pour l’instant, en tout cas sur le plan diplomatique, avec beaucoup de prudence.

Mais les comportements que vous venez de décrire favorisent la tendance au morcellement du monde en blocs, ou tout au moins en zones d’influence, chacune dominée par une puissance ayant une inclination à l’hégémonisme. Cela soulève la question d’un glissement du multilatéralisme vers un club de puissances dominantes.

« Le droit international n’a jamais été violé d’une manière aussi systématique et avec autant d’arrogance. »

Justement, dans ce contexte, quel avenir pour le multilatéralisme ?

Le multilatéralisme est une forme d’organisation qui repose sur le droit international, mais le droit international n’a jamais été violé d’une manière aussi systématique et avec autant d’arrogance. Cela conduit à des questions redoutables. Comment l’ONU s’adaptera-t-elle, et pour arriver à quoi ? Un nouveau multilatéralisme, à l’instar de « concerts des puissances » d’autrefois, peut-il émerger ?

Une nouvelle vague de la course aux armements est en route. Les remises en cause territoriales, pas seulement sur Taïwan, se banalisent. La violence s’intensifie dans les relations interétatiques. Toutefois la disparition de l’ONU me paraît très peu vraisemblable car sa prolongation, même sous une forme beaucoup moins ambitieuse qu’en 1945, demeure dans l’intérêt de tous les Etats.

Trump menace constamment de sortir de l’Otan…

L’Otan a survécu jusqu’ici parce qu’elle est, certes, une organisation militaire, mais surtout politique. Historiquement, la Communauté européenne, devenue l’Union européenne, lui est indissolublement liée. Pour les Américains, les institutions euro-atlantiques forment un tout dont ils sont les leaders. C’est ainsi qu’ils voyaient les choses depuis les années 1950, et ce n’était pas faux.

« La vraie question est de savoir si l’Union européenne, faute d’une unité suffisante, ne se morcellerait pas en cas d’effacement ou de disparition de l’Otan. »

Aujourd’hui, le théâtre européen est devenu secondaire à leurs yeux. La vraie question est de savoir si l’Union européenne, faute d’une unité suffisante, ne se morcellerait pas en cas d’effacement ou de disparition de l’Otan.

Les responsables politiques européens évoquent pourtant un pilier européen de l’Otan ?

On en parlait déjà en ces termes à l’époque de Kennedy. Mais le pilier européen n’a jamais dépassé le stade des bonnes intentions. Comme pour les rapports Draghi et Letta d’il y a deux ans sur l’économie européenne. L’objectif d’une défense européenne pose des problèmes fondamentaux, par exemple sur le plan industriel.

La question de l’avion de combat du futur montre que les velléités stratégiques et les intérêts industriels s’accordent difficilement. L’Allemagne se voit manifestement comme la puissance industrielle dominante dans le réarmement. La Pologne, qui, elle aussi, a un sens très aigu de ses intérêts, est en train de constituer une armée qui sera peut-être l’une des plus importantes en Europe. Ce sont là, d’abord, des démarches nationales.

Au-delà de l’aspect industriel, il y a une réflexion sur la défense européenne à l’heure où les Etats-Unis ne semblent plus être un partenaire fiable ?

Qu’entend-on par défense de l’Europe ? C’est une question embarrassante, mais qu’on doit se poser. Cela a-t-il un sens de raisonner aujourd’hui comme si l’Union européenne était un tout, équivalant à une vraie nation ? C’est l’interrogation fondamentale.

Ou bien la réponse est vraiment oui et, à ce moment-là, cela veut dire que le destin des Espagnols, des Italiens et des Français se joue effectivement dans les pays baltes. Ou alors, il faut avoir la lucidité de raisonner explicitement en termes de construction d’une alliance classique mais forte entre pays européens qui, chacun, ont leurs propres intérêts nationaux. Le risque américain oblige à mettre les points sur les i.

Est-ce que l’alliance de puissances moyennes apporte un élément de réponse, en s’organisant pour donner des garanties de sécurité à l’Ukraine ou protéger le trafic maritime dans le détroit d’Ormuz ?

Cela peut être le cas, éventuellement en coopération avec certains pays à l’extérieur de l’Europe. Dans le cas du détroit d’Ormuz, la France est une puissance navale qui pourrait contribuer à des garanties de sécurité le moment venu. D’ailleurs, la participation à des coalitions de volontaires peut être un élément de réponse à la question du « burden sharing » [«partage du fardeau », NDLR] avec les Etats-Unis.

Plutôt que de payer un protecteur, on peut prendre en charge certains aspects d’une défense commune. Mais encore faut-il reposer sur une économie forte. Une France qui continuerait de ne pas prendre à bras-le-corps ses problèmes économiques et sociaux fondamentaux finirait par devenir incapable de contribuer à une quelconque alliance.

Quel est votre pronostic pour la guerre en Ukraine ?

Elle semble s’enliser et pourrait même durer des années. Les Russes se sont mis dans une posture de long terme et les Ukrainiens résistent d’une manière impressionnante. Il finira par leur manquer des combattants, d’abord en Ukraine. Trump se désintéresse actuellement de la question.

Notons aussi que, aujourd’hui, les guerres ne se déclarent plus et ne se concluent plus par des traités. Peut-être y aura-t-il un cessez-le-feu, comme entre les deux Corées, depuis l’armistice du 27 juillet 1953.

La nation ukrainienne s’est forgée ou ressourcée avec cette guerre et disposera probablement de frontières, mais pas celles de 1991. Cette Ukraine sera partie prenante de l’organisation future de la sécurité européenne. L’Union européenne vers laquelle on tend sera délimitée par la Biélorussie, la Russie et la Turquie.

Comment voyez-vous évoluer cette organisation européenne ?

J’ai la conviction que l’Union européenne, vouée à être encore très élargie, devra, pour survivre, être réformée en profondeur. Au stade où nous en sommes, politiquement, nous devrons aller jusqu’au bout de l’idée de l’élargissement, et donc intégrer l’Ukraine et les Balkans.

« Le modèle européen s’éloigne d’une fédération. Je verrais plutôt une confédération. »

On ne peut tergiverser indéfiniment. L’UE a progressivement changé de nature avec les élargissements successifs vers l’est. Cela nous obligera à reconnaître explicitement que le modèle européen s’éloigne d’une fédération. Je verrais plutôt une confédération.

Que serait cette confédération selon vous ?

Je conçois le concept de confédération comme une association d’Etats avec des coopérations notamment économiques et sécuritaires fortes, mais qui ne remettent pas en question les identités nationales. La confédération ainsi entendue implique la notion d’alliance. Il faut redonner aux Etats des marges de liberté pour que chacun se trouve à l’aise avec ses aspirations nationales tout en voulant construire une vraie alliance avec ses partenaires. Une alliance qui engage davantage que le simple article 42.7 du traité de Lisbonne portant sur l’assistance mutuelle entre les Etats.

Je verrais assez bien une alliance repensée à l’image de l’Otan. On pourrait l’appeler, par exemple, « l’organisation du traité de l’alliance européenne ». Outre la défense, on pourrait renforcer la cohérence en matière de coopération industrielle, d’armement, etc. Une telle alliance ne serait d’ailleurs pas incompatible avec des coalitions de volontaires incluant des éléments extérieurs.

On pourrait aussi donner davantage de substance à la Communauté politique européenne d’Emmanuel Macron. L’idée d’une Europe à géométrie variable est d’ailleurs ancienne, elle était déjà très discutée dans les années 1990.

By Virginie Robert and Anne Bauer

Read on Les Echos.

Tour d’horizon international

04.23.2026

Tour d’horizon international
Podcast « Géopolitique », par Marie-France Chatin

A la veille de la World Policy Conference 2026, Thierry de Montbrial est notre invité. Membre de l’Académie des sciences morales et politiques, fondateur et président de l’Institut français des relations internationales et également fondateur et président de la World Policy Conference.

Il y a une semaine, des élections législatives se tenaient en Hongrie. Elles ont vu Viktor Orban fortement et franchement désavoué. Un choix des électeurs hongrois qui dépasse largement les portes de la Hongrie. Un pouvoir illibéral a été défait et avec lui un discours eurosceptique dissimulé derrière un patriotisme qui interroge.

La défaite est aussi celle de Donald Trump et de son idéologie MAGA qui ont tenté d’interférer dans l’élection. Les ingérences russes et américaines dans le scrutin ont été mises en échec. Et au-delà dans un contexte international marqué par la guerre en Ukraine, l’affirmation de la Russie comme une menace durable pour l’Europe et un engagement américain incertain sur le Vieux Continent, les interrogations autour de l’avenir du lien transatlantique se multiplient, ravivant les incertitudes européennes quant à leur architecture de sécurité.

Invité :
Thierry de Montbrial, membre de l’Académie des sciences morales et politiques. Fondateur et président de l’Institut français des relations internationales. Également fondateur et président de la World Policy Conference.

Listen to the podcast on RFI.

Christine Choirat

Head of Data Science and Artificial Intelligence at the Swiss Federal Statistical Office (FSO), where her team develops secure infrastructures for the analysis of sensitive administrative data in support of evidence-based public policy. Her team developed and runs Lomas, Switzerland’s first operational differential-privacy platform, allowing policymakers and researchers to generate insights while preserving individual confidentiality. The team’s work also contributes to United Nations working groups on privacy-enhancing technologies and responsible artificial intelligence.She previously served as Chief Innovation Officer at the Swiss Data Science Center and as Visiting Professor at the University of Geneva. Earlier, at the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, she designed large-scale data platforms supporting research that informed environmental and health regulations.

Luís Araújo

General Manager of the Biedronka chain. He has spent his entire career with the Jerónimo Martins Group, which he joined in 1995. He began as a Deputy Store Manager at Recheio Cash & Carry and subsequently progressed through all stages of his career within the Group. In 2009, he was appointed Group IT Director, with responsibility for IT across all brands and geographic regions (Portugal and Poland). In 2012, he became General Manager of Pingo Doce, the leading supermarket chain in Portugal. Four years later, in 2016, he was appointed General Manager of the Biedronka chain (Jerónimo Martins Polska), a position he continues to hold today.

Nicolas Bodin Guittard

CEO and co-founder of Label4.ai, a French deeptech specialised in the identification of AI-generated and manipulated content: deepfake detection, digital forensics and content authenticity verification. A lawyer by training, former Data Protection Officer and General Counsel, he has taken an atypical path to address what has become a structural challenge: the ability to identify what has been generated or altered within digital flows, and to rebuild a foundation of trust in the AI ecosystem. In 2026, Label4.ai received both the Startup Award and the Research Award at the Forum InCyber (FIC), the first company to achieve this double distinction in the competition’s fifteen-year history. Label4.ai is actively engaged with the European Commission on the implementation of Article 50-2 of the AI Act.

Nuno Aguiar

Chairman & CEO Chief of Staff at Jerónimo Martins. He has extensive experience in the retail and distribution sector, particularly within the Jerónimo Martins Group, one of Europe’s leading food distribution companies. He began his career in 1996 at Jerónimo Martins’ Marketing and Distribution Company (JMD), where he served as Product Manager and Key Account Manager. In 2003, he joined Fromageries Bel, taking responsibility for managing international brands in Portugal. After three years, he returned to Jerónimo Martins, where he assumed a series of senior leadership roles across key business areas, including Sales and Marketing Manager at JMD, Human Resources Director at Pingo Doce, as well as Commercial Director and Operations Director. In 2016, Nuno Aguiar took on an international leadership role as Chief Executive Officer of Ara in Colombia, where he led the company’s development and consolidation in a highly competitive market over a five-year period. He returned to Portugal in 2021 to assume the role of Chief Operations Officer at Pingo Doce and became a member of the company’s Executive Committee. In this capacity, he oversaw operational efficiency, planogram management, and expansion strategy. He holds a degree in Management from the Universidade Católica Portuguesa.

Jean-Christophe Bas

Jean-Christophe Bas is the Vice President of the Aspen Institute France; he is the founder and CEO of The Global Compass and a professor at IRIS. From 1999 to 2008, he was the Head of Strategic Dialogue at the World Bank, in charge of strategic engagement and policy dialogue with key stakeholders, policy makers, academics and influencers. From 2008 to 2014, he served at the United Nations Alliance of Civilizations in New York as Head of Strategic Development and Partnerships. Then, he was the Director of Democratic Citizenship and Participation at the Council of Europe, running a team of 160 staff dedicated to fostering democratic participation and citizenship, intercultural understanding and cooperation. From 2018 to 2020, he served as CEO and chairman of the executive Board of the Dialogue of the Dialogue of Civilizations Institute in Berlin. He is the author of EUROPE A LA CARTE, a book of reflection on European identity. He is also the author of “André Bas, Combats pour l’Entente. He regularly contributes comments on international affairs in major media outlets: Euronews, EUReporter, Valeurs Actuelles, l’Opinion, CCTV, TRT, Bastille Magazine.

Thierry Lepercq

Thierry Lepercq leads executive circles bringing together CEOs, executive committee members, and board-level leaders from international groups in Paris, Lille, and Lyon. These groups meet monthly with experts to discuss the evolving nature of geopolitical risk. He also leads the Thucydide Circle, which brings together diplomats, military generals, senior civil servants, and geopolitical experts who exchange views on the complexity of today’s geopolitical landscape, drawing parallels with history. Having specialized in the United States for several years, Thierry Lepercq advises investors and international groups on the business environment and the evolving risk landscape in the U.S

Christian Langlois-Meurinne

Graduate of Ecole Polytechnique and holder of an MBA from Harvard. Christian Langlois-Meurinne has more than 50 years of experience in the investment sector with IDI, for which he oversaw the buyout in 1987. Previously, he was Director of Chemical, Textile and Allied Industries at the Ministry of Industry from 1979 to 1982.

Gauthier Schweitzer

Co-founder and CTO of Sahar. Sahar is a French company that develops solutions to transform large volumes of open-source data into actionable insights. It works with governments and major corporations in sectors such as defense, energy, and finance.
A data scientist by training, he is a graduate of École Polytechnique, ENSAE, and Sciences Po.

Nicholas Kairis

Chief Legal Officer for Sagint Inc., where he architects legal frameworks for digital infrastructure and the tokenization of real-world assets. He is also the Head of International Legal Affairs for the Mohammed Omar bin Haider Holding Group, overseeing cross-border investments in energy, real estate, and infrastructure. Nicholas Kairis is an international legal executive and financial strategist with over twenty-eight years of experience spanning Europe, the United States, and the Middle East. A specialist in regulatory architecture and digital securities, Mr. Kairis has held senior leadership roles for major investment platforms and multinational holding groups, including Khamis Buamim Investments and HBK Department of Projects. His expertise covers highly regulated sectors such as financial services, commodity trading, mining, and fintech. Admitted to the Supreme Court of Greece, he is a member of the Athens Bar Association and holds an LL.M. from the University of Heidelberg. Throughout his career, he has advised global corporations and served in various board and investment committee capacities, focusing on complex multi-jurisdictional compliance and international arbitration.

Sidi Mohamed Boubacar

Former Prime Minister of Mauritania on two occasions. In the early 1990s, he oversaw negotiations with the International Monetary Fund that led to a three-year reform program aimed at strengthening the balance of payments and improving growth prospects. In 2005, he was again appointed Prime Minister to lead the transition to civilian rule. In this role, he oversaw the adoption of constitutional laws guaranteeing public freedoms and facilitating a peaceful transfer of power. Sidi Mohamed Boubacar also served as Minister of Finance and Minister Secretary-General of the Government. He held various technical positions within the Ministry of Finance, including Budget Director, Planning Director, and Treasury Director. He also had a distinguished diplomatic career. He served as Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of Mauritania to Spain, Egypt, and France, and as Permanent Representative of Mauritania to the United Nations. He was a candidate in the 2019 presidential election, where he won more than 17% of the vote. Sidi Mohamed Boubacar obtained his bachelor’s degree from the National School of Administration of Mauritania, graduating as valedictorian in the Financial Administration track. He also received a postgraduate diploma in law from the Université d’Orléans (France). He has published “The African Exception” in Choc des Populations: Guerre ou Paix (Fayard, 2010).

Isabelle Bébéar

Director of International and European Affairs at Bpifrance since 2019. She leads the bank’s international strategy to boost its visibility and support the growth of French companies abroad. Her responsibilities include managing relationships with European and global institutions, developing partnerships with sovereign wealth funds and long term investors, and advising foreign governments on building strong entrepreneurial ecosystems. She also oversees EuroQuity, the digital platform that connects innovative businesses with international investors and new opportunities. More than 20 years ago, Isabelle created Averroès Africa, the first European fund of funds dedicated to Africa. She continues to steer its successive programs, including Averroès Africa IV (2023) and the Averroès Venture Fund (2025). Altogether, the funds have invested over €250 million in 35 venture, growth and debt funds supporting startups, SMEs and mid caps across 40 African countries. Isabelle also sits on Proparco’s board and on the board of the Aspen Institute France. She co chairs the Montreal Group.

Jean-André Barbosa

Vice President of Public Affairs for Renault Group since September 2025, Jean-André Barbosa previously served as Head of European Public Affairs and Regulation for France after joining the Group in September 2022. He began his career at the European Commission within the Directorates-General for Trade and Energy, notably participating in the WTO Doha Round negotiations and various energy-related negotiations with third countries. Between 2008 and 2020, he held executive leadership positions in the private sector across several multinational groups. These included Saint-Gobain, where he was General Manager for the CIS region (Packaging division), and AREVA, where he served as Director for Central and Eastern Europe, specifically in charge of public affairs. In 2020, he returned to the European Commission as an expert within the Chief Economist’s team at DG Energy. He is a graduate of the École des Mines de Paris and a Chief Engineer of the Corps des Mines.

Élie Tenenbaum

Élie Tenenbaum is the director of Ifri’s Security Studies Center. After years of focusing on irregular warfare, counterinsurgency and counter-terrorism, his research now leads him to cover more general strategic issues, in particular European security and defense policy. He holds PhD (2015) in History and graduated from Sciences Po (2010), he has been a visiting fellow at Columbia University (2013-2014) and spent a year at the War Studies Department, at King’s College London (2006) ; he has taught international security at Sciences Po and international contemporary history at the Université de Lorraine. He is the author of numerous articles and books on history and strategy, including The Twenty Year War: Jihadism & Counter-Terrorism in the 21st Century, with Marc Hecker (Robert Laffont, Prix du Livre Géopolitique 2021).

Tristan Aureau

Director of the Centre for Analysis, Planning and Strategy of the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Prior to this, he served as chief of staff to the French Minister for EU Affairs, Jean-Noël Barrot (2024). He has extensive experience in international and European affairs due to his previous functions, as deputy sherpa to the President of the European Council (2019-2023) and as diplomatic adviser to the EU Negotiator for Brexit, Michel Barnier (2016-2019). Tristan Aureau is a member of the French Council of State, where he started his career as an administrative judge and a legal adviser to the Government (2013-2016). In parallel to his different posts, he has been teaching international relations and public law in several academic institutions, notably Sciences Po, ENA and the College of Europe.

Arthur Breitman

Director of Trilitech and Co-Founder of Tezos, a decentralized open source blockchain platform. Prior to becoming involved in Tezos full time, he worked at X and Waymo on self-driving cars. In his earlier career, he worked as a quantitative analyst at Goldman Sachs and Morgan Stanley. He graduated from the École polytechnique and holds a MS in financial mathematics from the Courant Institute at NYU.

Dario Liguti

Director of Sustainable Energy at the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE), he oversees a region comprising 56 member States across North America, Europe, and Asia. In this role, he provides strategic policy advice and analysis to governments to support the implementation of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and the Paris Agreement, while fostering international energy cooperation. With nearly 30 years of experience in the energy sector, he previously served as Chief Underwriting Officer at SACE, Italy’s State Guarantee Agency. There, he was responsible for export credit, the EU Green New Deal, and guarantees under the EU Temporary Framework. Mr. Liguti spent over a decade at General Electric (GE), holding senior roles in project finance, corporate strategy, and investment banking, eventually serving as Global Head of Government and Export Finance. His earlier career includes positions at the Council of Europe Development Bank and the European Commission. He holds an MSc in Economics from Bocconi University and an MA in EU Law from Leicester University. He began his professional journey at Cargill.

Gérard Larcher

Gérard Larcher has served as President of the French Senate since 2014.

Jorge Castañeda Gutman

Former Foreign Minister of Mexico from 2000 to 2003. He is a renowned public intellectual, political scientist, and prolific writer, with an interest in Mexican and Latin American politics, comparative politics and US-Mexican and U.S.-Latin American relations. Dr. Castañeda received a B. A. from Princeton University and a B. A. from Université de Paris-I (Pantheon-Sorbonne), an M. A. from the École Pratique de Hautes Etudes, and his Ph. D. in Economic History from the University of Paris-I. He taught at Mexico’s National Autonomous University (UNAM) from 1978 through 2004, at Princeton University, and the University of California, Berkeley; from 1997 to 2025 at New York University, and at Sciences Po in Paris since 2022. Among his more than 15 books published in the United States and elsewhere are: Limits to Friendship: The United States and Mexico (with Robert Pastor), Utopia Unarmed: The Latin American Left after the Cold War (Knopf, 1993), The Mexican Shock (New Press, 1995), Compañero: The Life and Death of Che Guevara (Knopf, 1997), and Perpetuating Power: How Mexican Presidents Were Chosen (New Press, 2000); Ex-Mex: From Migrants to Immigrants (The New Press, 2007); Mañana Forever? Mexico and the Mexicans (Vintage, Random House, 2012); America Through Foreign Eyes (Oxford University Press, 2020).In April 2008, Castañeda was elected Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and International Member of the American Philosophical Society.

Eric Campos

CEO of the French Army Foundation, a publicly recognised foundation of public interest, since the beginning of 2026. Having led banks and financial institutions for 35 years, he also founded and ran a renewable energy production and transition consulting company, and served as CEO of a microfinance and Social Business Foundation operating in over thirty-five countries across three continents. With extensive experience in France, the French Overseas Territories, and internationally, He defines himself as a committed executive and practitioner of sustainable finance in service of an economy that respects living systems.

Bernard Salomé

Senior international advisor and economist, Dr. Bernard Salomé is currently preparing an international conference on innovation for domestic resource mobilisation in Africa, and advises on the development of AI and Agentic AI solutions to broaden the tax base across the African continent — placing him at the forefront of the intersection between artificial intelligence and public finance. Dr. Salomé holds a doctorate in Economic Development from the Université Paris Sorbonne and has accumulated over four decades of experience across international organisations, multilateral institutions, and presidential advisory roles. Early in his career, he served as Deputy Director of the G7 Support Implementation Group in Moscow, designing the comprehensive information system used by all embassies and donor agencies coordinating external aid to Russia. He subsequently served as Director of the Office of Economic Policy of UNMIK in Kosovo, acting as principal strategic advisor to Special Representative of the Secretary-General Dr. Bernard Kouchner. He later held the position of Special Representative of the Director of the Bibliotheca Alexandrina in Egypt, and served as Managing Director of the Millennium Foundation for Innovative Finance for Health in Geneva. He has also advised at the highest level of government in Côte d’Ivoire as Senior Advisor to the President of the Republic. He is the author of eight books on development issues and has worked across more than thirty countries in Africa, Asia, Europe, and the Americas.

Abdallah Hamdok

Former Prime Minister of Sudan (2019 – 2021)
H.E. Hamdok (Ph.D.) is a Policy Analyst/Economist with over forty years of experience addressing development challenges in Africa and the Middle East at various levels (national and regional). Over the years, he has developed an interest in policy-oriented research and analysis, focusing on Regional Integration and Trade, Macroeconomics Policies, Governance, Institutional Analysis, Public Sector Reforms, and Resource Management. The primary author of many publications on African development challenges, including development finance, macroeconomics, governance, and other related issues. He served as a Senior Advisor Strategy and Partnerships, Trade and Development Bank, Deputy Executive Secretary, United Nations Economic Commission for Africa (UNECA). Before that, he held senior positions at the UNECA, ILO, UNDP, the African Development Bank, Regional of International IDEA, for Africa and the Middle East 203-2008, and Deloitte & Touche. Prior to that, he was a senior official with the government of Sudan (Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning). Member of several Boards and High-Level Panels such as the Coalition on Dialogue for Africa (CODA); Member of the Board of Human Science Research Council (HSRC) of South Africa; Member of the Trade and Development Bank (TDB) Eminent Personalities Panel. Chair of the Advisory Council of Mo Ibrahim Foundation and Chair of the Technical Committee of the High-Level Panel (HLP) on Illicit Financial Flows from Africa.

Dominique Senequier

President and Founder of Ardian, a world leader in private investment, Dominique Senequier is a pioneer in the private equity industry. She founded the firm in 1996 within the AXA Group before leading its independence in 2013, making Ardian a company majority-owned by its employees. Under her leadership, the firm has become a major global player, managing assets across Europe, the Americas, and Asia. A strong advocate for finance as a force for the common good, she introduced a groundbreaking profit-sharing model in 2008, redistributing a portion of capital gains to all employees across its portfolio companies. Her vision, “Architects of Lasting Change,” integrates sustainability into the core of economic performance. She also established the Ardian Foundation to foster social mobility. Promoted to Officer of the Legion of Honor in 2021, she was elected to the Académie des Sciences Morales et Politiques in 2023 A member of the French Actuarial Institute, she was part of École Polytechnique’s first mixed-gender class in 1972 and holds a postgraduate degree in economics from Paris-Sorbonne University. She began her career at the French Ministry of Economy and is consistently ranked among the world’s most influential figures in finance.

Omar Manis

Omar Manis is a seasoned Sudanese diplomat with more than four decades of experience in international diplomacy, multilateral affairs, and peacekeeping. He served as Sudan’s Ambassador to France (2021–2022) and as Minister of Cabinet Affairs in Sudan’s Transitional Government formed after the December Revolution 2019.During his distinguished diplomatic career, Ambassador Manis held senior positions within Sudan’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs and represented Sudan at the United Nations, including serving as Acting Permanent Representative in New York. He also worked with the United Nations in senior roles in peacekeeping missions in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Western Sahara. He has participated in numerous international conferences and summits, including meetings of the United Nations, the African Union, and the Group of 77 and China. He holds degrees from the University of Khartoum and has pursued studies in France and Germany. He speaks Arabic, English, French, and Zaghawa.

Moritz Maier

Dr. Moritz Maier is the CEO of Synera, an AI software company trailblazing the field of AI agents for engineering. With a background in aerospace engineering and a PhD in product development processes, Dr. Maier has spent his career at the intersection of engineering practice and digital transformation. Before founding Synera, he worked extensively in generative design and process automation, gaining firsthand insight into the inefficiencies and fragmentation that slow down engineering teams today. At Synera, he’s leading the company to build a new foundation for engineering work where AI agents become collaborators. Dr. Maier’s long-term vision is to build a “JARVIS for engineers”: an agentic AI coworker that understands engineering context, collaborates across tools, and scales expert knowledge across organizations. His work aims to rethink the engineering process from the ground up using AI-first principles – moving beyond isolated tools toward adaptive, agentic engineering that learns and improves over time. He holds a PhD in Production Engineering from the University of Bremen with research on bionic lightweight design methods.

Guillaume Laganne

A senior civil servant at the Ministry of the Armed Forces following his graduation from the École nationale d’administration (ENA, now the INSP), Guillaume Lagane has held positions at the Directorate General of Armaments (DGA), the Secretariat General for Administration (SGA), and the Directorate General for International Relations and Strategy (DGRIS). He currently serves as Political Adviser to the Chief of Staff of the French Army. An agrégé in history, he also teaches geopolitics at Sciences Po and has published several works on international relations.

Niall Burgess

Ambassador of Ireland to France and Monaco since 2021, he previously served as Secretary General of Ireland’s Department of Foreign Affairs, the highest diplomatic position, where he played a key role in securing Ireland’s election to the United Nations Security Council for a two-year term. A career diplomat, he has devoted much of his career to relations between Ireland and the United Kingdom, particularly cooperation with Northern Ireland. He served as Director General of the Anglo-Irish Division from 2010 to 2014, having previously been Director of the same division from 2004 to 2007. Earlier in his career, he held several international postings, including Consul General of Ireland in New York (2007–2010) and Vice Consul in Chicago (1987–1991). He also served as First Secretary at Ireland’s Permanent Mission in Geneva and as Head of Task Force in the Policy Unit of the General Secretariat of the Council of the European Union in Brussels from 1997 to 1999. His career reflects extensive expertise in transatlantic, European, and multilateral relations.

Ján Šoth

Ambassador of the Slovak Republic to France since 2023, having presented his credentials to the President of the French Republic in February 2024, he is a career diplomat with extensive experience in European affairs and bilateral diplomacy. Prior to his appointment in Paris, he headed the Strategic Analysis Unit at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Bratislava (2021–2023), following his tenure as Ambassador of the Slovak Republic to Italy, Malta, and the Republic of San Marino from 2015 to 2021. He previously served at the Office of the President of the Slovak Republic as Secretary General of the Cabinet (2012–2015) and Director of Foreign Policy (2010–2012). Earlier in his career, he held several senior positions at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, including Director of Analysis and Strategy, Head of the Energy Security Working Group, Director General for Bilateral Cooperation, and Director of the Europe Department. He also served as Ambassador of the Slovak Republic to Romania and Moldova (2002–2007), as well as Deputy Head of Mission in Paris and Bucharest. He speaks French, Romanian, Russian, English, and Italian. He is a graduate of the Moscow State Institute of International Relations and has received national distinctions from Romania and Poland.