Secretary-General of La Francophonie since 2019. Former Minister of Foreign Affairs, Cooperation and the East African Community of the Republic of Rwanda, she was previously Minister of Information in the Government of Rwanda. After living in the United States for some 20 years, she moved to Tunisia where she worked at the African Development Bank in the communications directorate. In March 2008, she was called by the President of the Republic of Rwanda to join the government team. Deeply affected by the genocide against the Tutsis in 1994, she co-authored the book Rwanda Means the Universe (Saint Martin’s Press, 2006), an intergenerational and autobiographical socio-historical memoir, and has written numerous press articles. A multi-faceted African politician, she has spoken on numerous television and radio programs on Rwandan and pan-African issues and collaborated on many award-winning documentary films. She also received the 2004 Outstanding Humanitarian Award from the American University & School of International Studies. In May 2018, Jeune Afrique magazine featured her as one of the most influential African figures on the continent. Louise Mushikiwabo, a language and interpretation graduate from the University of Delaware in the United States, is perfectly fluent in French and English, in addition to her native language, Kinyarwanda.
Gilles Kepel
Chair of Middle East and Mediterranean studies at École nationale supérieure in Paris and of the Middle East Freethinking Platform of the Italian Switzerland University in Lugano. Specializing in the contemporary Arab world and Islam in the West, he teaches at the University of Paris Sciences & Lettres. He is the author of widely-acclaimed books translated into many languages, including the latest one, The Prophet and the Pandemic / From the Middle East to Atmosphere Jihadism. The excerpt : The Murder of Samuel Paty, was released in the Spring issue of Liberties Journal (April 27th, 2021). His previous book’s English version, Away From Chaos / The Middle East and the Challenge to the West, was published in 2020 by Columbia University Press.
Victor Richon
Deputy Head at the French Treasury, he is in charge of economic relations with Russia and the EAEU (Eurasian Economic Union). Passionate about international relations, he previously worked for the International Finance Corporation (part of the World Bank Group) as an investment analyst. Victor recently held the position of Jumia Global CEO’s executive assistant within the African e-commerce leading company. He graduated from the Ecole des Mines Paristech and he is an engineer of the French Corps des mines.
Clément Tonon
Member of the French Council of State. He graduated from HEC Paris, Sciences Po Paris and the French School of Administration. He also holds a degree from Johns Hopkins University. He started his career at the French Senate by working on international affairs. He wrote several reports on the strategic issues raised by the digital economy.
Lucia Sinapi-Thomas
Executive Director of Capgemini Ventures, since January 2019, Ms. Lucia Sinapi graduated from ESSEC business school (1986) and started her career as a tax and business lawyer in 1986, was admitted to the Paris bar (1989), before joining Capgemini in 1992. She was successively Group Tax Advisor (1992), head of Corporate Finance, Treasury and Investors Relations (1999), taking over Risk Management and Insurance in 2005. She was appointed Deputy Chief Financial Officer in 2013, and from January 2016 Executive Director of Business Platforms Unit. Lucia Sinapi-Thomas is a member of the Board of Directors of Bureau Veritas since May 2013 and Dassault Aviation since May 2014, and has been a Board member of Capgemini from 2012 to 2024.
Paul Sheard
Paul Sheard is Research Fellow in the Mossavar-Rahmani Center for Business and Government at Harvard Kennedy School. Previously, he was Vice Chairman of S&P Global, after being Executive Vice President and Chief Economist. Earlier, he held chief economist positions at Standard & Poor’s, Nomura Securities, and Lehman Brothers. Sheard was on the faculty of the Australian National University (ANU) and Osaka University, and was a visiting assistant professor at Stanford University and foreign visiting scholar at the Bank of Japan. Sheard is a member of the World Economic Forum’s Global Future Council on the New Agenda for Fiscal and Monetary Policy, and he twice served on committees of the Japanese Government’s Economic Deliberation Council. Sheard is on the board of the Foreign Policy Association and is a member of the Bretton Woods Committee and the Economic Club of New York. Sheard received a PhD in Japanese Economy and Master of Economics from the ANU. In 2019, his undergraduate alma mater, Monash University, conferred an honorary Doctor of Laws on Sheard.
Nabil Fahmy
Dean Emeritus at The American University in Cairo. He founded the School of Global Affairs and Public Policy in 2009 but he is also a career Diplomat. He was Minister of Foreign Affairs of Egypt from July 2013 to June 2014. During his distinguished diplomatic career over three decades, he served as Ambassador to the United States between 1999 and 2008 and Japan between 1997 and 1999, as well as in numerous government and international positions. His work focused on international and regional security, disarmament and non-proliferation, conflict resolution and Arab-Israeli diplomacy. He was also the Chairman of the United Nations Advisory Board on Disarmament Matters, and the Vice Chairman of the United Nations General Assembly’s first committee dealing with disarmament and international security. Currently Chairman of LYNX Strategic Advisors which supports international and domestic firms in pursuing best business practices, he also publishes weekly articles on Global, International and Middle East Affairs.
Serge Ekué
President of BOAD, the development finance institution of the West African Economic and Monetary Union (WAEMU) member countries. Prior to joining, this well-known expert with over twenty years of international experience in global finance, structured finance and capital markets, worked as Natixis’ Corporate and Investment Banking (CIB) Country Manager for the UK in London as well as Head of Global Markets for Europe, Middle East and Africa (EMEA) and Head of Natixis’ Africa and Russia Departments. Between 2010 and 2016, he managed Natixis’ Global Markets for the Asia-Pacific region before taking over as Chief Executive Officer of the bank based in Hong Kong. He holds an Executive MBA from HEC Paris, a post-graduate degree in Banking and Finance from Paris V University and a degree from the Institut d’études politiques of Bordeaux.
Rola Dashti
Ms. Dashti is a leading Kuwaiti economist and long-time champion of women’s rights, gender equality and democratic reform. She is currently Under-Secretary-General, Executive Secretary, Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia (ESCWA). She served as a member of the Supreme Planning Council in Kuwait. From 2012 to 2014, she was Minister for Planning and Development and Minister of State for Parliamentary Affairs. Ms. Dashti played a pivotal role in advocating for a decree to allow Kuwaiti women to vote and run for parliamentary elections. In May 2009, she and three others became the first women to be elected to the Kuwait parliament. She has held key positions in research and development institutions, such as the Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, and has worked for major national and international financial and development institutions, such as the National Bank of Kuwait and the World Bank. She also managed contracts for the Kuwaiti Emergency and Reconstruction Program during the invasionto-post liberation period. She is listed among the top 150 women leaders by Business Week, among the top 20 businesswomen in the Arab region by the Financial Times, and among the world’s 100 most powerful Arabs by Arabian Business. Ms. Dashti holds a doctorate degree in population dynamics from Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, a master’s degree in economics and finance from California State University in Sacramento, and a bachelor of science in agriculture economics from California State University in Chico.
Michel Kazatchkine
Special Advisor to the Regional Office of WHO for Europe, Professor Kazatchkine has over 35 years of experience in global health as a leading physician, researcher, administrator, advocate, policymaker, and diplomat. He is Emeritus Professor of Immunology at Paris Descartes University, Senior Fellow with the Global Health Centre of the Geneva Graduate Institute, and a member of the Global Commission on Drug Policy. He has been Executive Director of the Global Fund to fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria, Director of the French Agency for Research on AIDS, French ambassador on HIV/AIDS and communicable diseases, and UN Secretary-General’s Special Envoy on HIV/AIDS in Eastern Europe and Central Asia. In 2021, he was a member of the Independent panel for Pandemic Preparedness and Response convened by the World Health Assembly to evaluate the global response to Covid-19.
Jacques Biot
Board-member and advisor to companies in the field of digital transformation and artificial intelligence. Jacques N. Biot has international professional experience in higher education and research (First executive President of Ecole polytechnique, 2013-2018), life sciences (Roussel-Uclaf, Pasteur-Mérieux Serums and Vaccines, now parts of Sanofi; JNBD, strategic consulting firm in health technology, divested to ICON; and Guerbet, GBT, Euronext), industry and technology financing, and public administration (Prime Minister’s office). The motto of his career has been about how to turn scientific innovation into societal and economic value. He currently serves as a Trustee to several scientific academic institutions and teaches entrepreneurship as an invited Professor at the Tianjin University in China. He currently chairs the Board of Directors of Huawei Technologies France and independently advises several projects in the field of AI in healthcare. Jacques is a graduate of Ecole polytechnique (year group X71) and a member of the Corps des Mines. He is an Officer of the Legion of Honor and of the French Orders of Merite, a member of the Lion’s Order of Senegal and a Commander in the Order of National Education in the Ivory Coast.
Jean Kramarz
Jean Kramarz is currently Director of the Healthcare activities of the AXA Partners Group. He is a specialist in the development of healthcare services in France and around the world. Before joining the AXA Group, where he launched medical teleconsultation for the general population in France, he was Director of New Services for the Malakoff-Médéric Group, Director of Development for Europ Assistance, Director of International Health Subsidiaries for the Gras Savoye Group. He also worked in the French public sector, including in the Oil & Gas and Automotive Departments of the Ministry of Industry and in the Treasury Department of the Ministry of Finance. Jean Kramarz is an alumnus of Sciences Po Paris and the Ecole nationale d’administration.
Daniel Andler
Professor Emeritus at Sorbonne Université and a member of the Académie des sciences morales et politiques. He began his academic career as a mathematician, specializing in logic and teaching at Paris 7 and other universities. He then was appointed as professor of philosophy of science at the universities of Lille, Nanterre and finally Paris IV. He is chiefly interested in cognitive science and artificial intelligence, and in their impacts on education, collective decision and public policy. He was the founder and first director of the department of cognitive studies at the Ecole normale superieure in Paris. His latest books are La Silhouette de l’humain, quelle place pour le naturalisme aujourd’hui ?, La Cognition, du neurone à la société (co-authored) and Intelligence artificielle, intelligence humaine: la double énigme.
Godefroy Galas
Deputy director of the cabinet of the CEO of the Direction Générale des Entreprises (DGE), a French government agency attached to the Ministry of the Economy and Finance. He contributes to the design and implementation of public policies supporting business development. Previously, he was technical analyst in the Operations Department of the ANSSI, the French national cybersecurity agency. Before that, he worked for the industrial companies General Electric, Alstom, TotalEnergies and Vesuvius, as well as for the Private Equity fund Astorg in Paris. As a Corps des mines Engineer, Godefroy Galas is a French high civil servant. He is also a graduate Engineer of Télécom Paris, a graduate of the Grande École programme of HEC Paris and holds a Master’s degree in Public Affairs (Prép’ENA) from the Panthéon-Sorbonne University.
Fathallah Oualalou : « La mondialisation a démarré avec la prise de Sebta en 1415 »
Quitting coal power ‘single most important’ step in six months before Cop26, says IEA chief Dr Fatih Birol
Exclusive: World must ‘drastically’ cut back on fossil fuels if serious about meeting climate goals, says Dr Fatih Birol

Quitting coal-fired power is the “single most important” step the world must take as it gears up for a crucial set of UN climate talks taking place in six months’ time, an energy expert has said.
At the start of November, world leaders are due to meet in Glasgow for Cop26, a climate summit that will be key for getting countries on track for the global aspiration of limiting temperatures to 1.5C above pre-industrial levels by the end of the century.
Dr Fatih Birol, chief of the influential International Energy Agency, said ending coal, the dirtiest of the fossil fuels, should be the top priority for countries in the run-up to the talks.
“I think it is for me the single most important issue today,” he told The Independent.
He pointed to a recent analysis by the IEA which found that CO2 emissions are set for their second-largest annual increase in history this year as the world increasingly turns to coal-fired power in the second year of the Covid-19 pandemic.
“I was disappointed that despite all the rhetoric and expectations that the world would come out of Covid in a more sustainable manner, we see that the economic recovery colour is brown, not green,” he said.
The Independent’s Stop Fuelling the Climate Crisis campaign calls for more action to stop support for fossil fuel projects, including from the UK’s financial and political systems.
“Coal plants are today responsible for about one-third of all emissions and it is therefore important to do two things when it comes to coal,” said Dr Birol. “One, to not build new coal plants and second – maybe more critically – to come up with a plan for dealing with existing coal plants, especially in Asia.”
He added that richer nations needed to come up with more incentives to encourage lower-income countries to shut down their existing coal power plants.
“In Europe and the US, we have coal plants but they are on average about 40 to 43 years old, which is close to the retirement age of about 45 years. But in Asia, the average age is about 11 years old – they are far from retirement,” he said.
“How are we going to provide incentives for early retirement for those coal plants, especially in countries with lower income levels? For me, this is a burning question.”

The UK, along with Canada, is leading a global effort to try to get countries and businesses to commit to phasing out the use of coal-fired power ahead of Cop26.
However, a report published earlier this month by the NGO Reclaim Finance said the initiative, known as the Powering Past Coal Alliance, was compromised by serious loopholes – rendering it “not fit for purpose”.
In addition to phasing out coal, countries must also “drastically” scale back on oil and fossil gas production if the planet is to meet its climate goals, Dr Birol added.
“If the world is serious about reaching its net-zero target, we need to see the use of all fossil fuels going down drastically – or we need to find new technologies to use them in a carbon-free manner,” he said.
“Alok Sharma … made me believe that the UK can pull off an excellent outcome for the world from Cop26” – Dr Fatih Birol, International Energy Agency chief
He added that he hoped to see more countries coming forward with short-term emissions goals in the run-up to the conference.
“We have to see countries who have not yet come up with pledges to reduce emissions to net-zero by 2050 come forward with this commitment,” he said.
“But more importantly, countries who have made that pledge must explain how they are going to halve their emissions this decade and the critical energy policies they are going to put in place to make those reductions happen.”
Despite the ongoing need for more progress, he remains optimistic that the UK-led conference could prove a historic moment in the fight against the climate crisis, he added.
“Two things make me optimistic,” said Dr Birol. “Firstly, I was very impressed with the recent climate leaders summit, which boosted international climate momentum.
“And, secondly, I recently had a long and comprehensive meeting with Alok Sharma – [the UK minister appointed Cop26 president] – and his plans and ambitions made me believe that the UK can pull off an excellent outcome for the world from Cop26, and that Glasgow will go in the history books alongside Paris.”
Daisy Dunne, Climate Correspondent
2 May 2021
The demise of liberal democracy
Big government, high taxes, massive debt, political polarization and social crises have become the norm throughout Western Europe and North America. But it is high time for leaders and citizens to take a look at the lessons history has to offer. Only then could the region avoid going down the same path as Rome and other fallen empires
Western governments appear to have thrown caution to the wind. Higher taxes are financing massive spending campaigns that have no clear implementation strategy (source: GIS)
Both the Biden administration and the European Union have announced unprecedented spending programs, $1.9 trillion and 1.8 trillion euros respectively, to fight Covid-19 and kickstart the green economy. There is no clear concept on how these funds will be spent or financed. But this kind of spending could serve as a pretext for a sharp tax increase in Washington. It appears that on both sides of the Atlantic, governments see the pandemic and the green economy as ideal excuses to keep overspending and increasing the role of the state and the administration.
India’s ruling party leader Narendra Taneja on Covid crisis: Responsibility is ours

In an interview with CNN’s Christiane Amanpour, Narendra Taneja, a spokesman for India’s ruling Bharatiya Janata party, said that responsibility for the devastating second wave of Covid-19 now sweeping the country belongs “first and foremost” to the government.
Kemal Dervis: Can Multilateral Cooperation Coexist with Great-Power Rivalry?
Project Syndicate – 21.04.2021
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Recent US initiatives concerning new IMF special drawing rights, corporate taxation, and climate change highlight America’s renewed support for global cooperation. The big question now is whether multilateralism can work – and how China will respond to these proposals, given rising bilateral tensions.
WASHINGTON, DC – Three important recent initiatives from US President Joe Biden’s administration illustrate America’s reengagement with the world and support for inclusive global multilateralism. The big question now, with the United States again seeking to play an international leadership role, is whether such cooperation can work – and how China will react to the US proposals, given rising bilateral tensions.
The first major initiative was US Treasury Secretary Janet Yellen’s call for a new $650 billion issuance of special drawing rights (SDRs, the International Monetary Fund’s reserve asset) – something that President Donald Trump’s administration had blocked.
Details of the plan, which has been endorsed by the G20 finance ministers and central bank governors and the International Monetary and Financial Committee, are still to be worked out. It would not only involve a record new $650 billion SDR issuance to countries in proportion to their IMF quotas. It also calls on countries not needing these SDRs to reallocate them voluntarily to countries in need. For example, the US has suggested lending some of them to the IMF’s Poverty Reduction and Growth Trust to boost the Fund’s concessional lending capacity.
This is a big deal in at least two ways. A new $650 billion allocation would more than double the existing stock of SDRs, boosting global liquidity and freeing up resources for much-needed investment. And it could lead to large support from advanced economies to developing countries.
While any SDR reallocation would be voluntary, countries could go beyond a piecemeal approach to develop a more coordinated mechanism. For example, the US proposal could be extended to routinize donor governments’ contributions to institutions such as multilateral development banks to finance concessional loans to developing economies. In addition, the plan could involve the establishment of a new special purpose vehicle to attract private-sector resources.
China supports the proposed new SDR allocation, but it remains to be seen whether it will agree with the US and other advanced economies on the implementation details and reallocate some of its own SDRs in a coordinated multilateral manner. It will also be interesting to see what role the Chinese-led Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank may play in such a scheme.
A second major US proposal would allow countries to tax the largest and most profitable multinational corporations (many of which are American) based on their sales in each country, regardless of physical presence, and would set a global minimum corporate-tax rate of 21%. The Financial Times reported on April 8 that the US Treasury floated the idea with the 135 countries involved in OECD/G20 discussions on so-called base erosion and profit shifting.
The proposed regulations would be binding for large companies in all sectors, depending on their level of revenue and profit margins. Reaching a global agreement will be difficult, but it would allow Biden to raise US corporate tax rates to pay for planned infrastructure investments without being undercut internationally and end the race to the bottom that has characterized corporate taxation for decades. The OECD framework provides another opportunity for US-China multilateral cooperation on one of the most important and sensitive global economic policy issues.
Lastly, Biden has invited 40 world leaders to a virtual climate summit on April 22-23, which will be streamed live to the public. The attendees include the leaders of 17 major greenhouse-gas (GHG) emitters, as well as those from other countries that are “demonstrating strong climate leadership” and innovative approaches or are especially vulnerable to climate change. A small number of business and civil-society leaders will also participate.
The Biden administration endorses the goals of achieving global net-zero GHG emissions by 2050 and limiting global warming close to 1.5 degrees Celsius relative to pre-industrial levels, while emphasizing the need for more ambitious emission-reduction targets by 2030 than what countries pledged under the 2015 Paris climate agreement. Most advanced economies, now including the US, are preparing strategies aimed at meeting global climate goals, although Biden’s ambitious plans will face stiff Republican opposition.
But the world will not achieve net-zero emissions, or close to it, by 2050 without China and the emerging economies as a whole immediately embarking on similar trajectories. They currently account for almost two-thirds of global CO2 emissions from fuel combustion, with China alone responsible for almost 30%. Last year, Chinese President Xi Jinping pledged that China would become carbon neutral before 2060, but did not outline a concrete strategy for achieving that goal. Most analysts agree that the country’s current policies and plans (especially regarding coal production and expansion of its oil and gas pipeline network) are inconsistent with this target.
Biden has invited Xi to the upcoming summit. US Special Presidential Envoy for Climate John Kerry, who has said he is “hopeful [but] not confident” of Chinese cooperation in tackling climate change, recently visited China in an attempt to enlist the country’s support for a successful April summit. Both countries issued a joint statement that, while positive in tone, is short on detailed commitments.
Youssef Amrani : “L’émergence continentale exige une union africaine plus inclusive et plus organisée”
Libération Maroc – 25 avril 2021
Youssef Amrani, ambassadeur du Maroc en Afrique du Sud
L’ émergence du continent africain dans le contexte de la crise sanitaire mondiale liée à la pandémie de Covid-19 exige une Union africaine plus inclusive et plus organisée, estime Youssef Amrani, ambassadeur du Maroc en Afrique du Sud, pour qui les idéologies révolues doivent laisser place au pragmatisme en faisant prévaloir le droit et l’action sur toute autre considération politicienne.
Dans une tribune publiée par le magazine Jeune Afrique, le diplomate marocain questionne les enjeux autour des systèmes de santé sur le territoire africain et suggère des actions mieux coordonnées entre les différentes chancelleries du monde afin de mieux contrer les effets de la crise sanitaire. Selon Youssef Amrani, la Covid-19 a mis à nu des manquements institutionnels d’une gouvernance multilatérale alourdie par des redondances bureaucratiques et des défaillances opérationnelles. Dès lors, il apparaît clairement qu’une refonte est nécessaire, en vue d’un renforcement des mécanismes et des procédés des institutions internationales, affirme-t-il, plaidant pour “inscrire l’action diplomatique dans le cadre d’un multilatéralisme de complémentarité qui se fonde sur un socle commun de valeurs, de visions et de stratégies”.
Aux yeux de l’ambassadeur du Maroc, la gouvernance mondiale doit gagner en flexibilité sans perdre en crédibilité: “Il ne s’agit pas d’imposer la volonté du plus fort au plus faible, mais de trouver les consensus d’une cohérence globale où chaque partie assumerait ses obligations”. Il a souligné, à cet égard, que les rapports de force doivent laisser place au “rapport d’interdépendance”, car “l’unilatéralisme n’a aucune cohérence dans un monde d’intervulnérabilité”. Dans ce contexte-là, souligne Youssef Amrani, “tout l’enjeu pour la diplomatie africaine sera d’outiller ses mécanismes de déploiement à l’international pour porter un même message et poursuivre une même ambition”. Pour cela, “l’Union africaine de demain doit être plus inclusive, plus cohérente et plus organisée”, et sa diplomatie plus forte et plus compétente. Pour lui, la diplomatie de demain ne s’exercera pas uniquement dans les couloirs des ministères des Affaires étrangères, mais également dans ceux des grandes multinationales, des laboratoires, des think tank sans oublier les plateaux de télévision et les universités. Et “si le diplomate déserte ces couloirs, il déserte le terrain et l’objet même de son action”, prévient-il, assurant que “face à un spectre élargi d’acteurs de la société internationale, le diplomate s’impose comme un pivot qui transmet l’information et négocie la décision”.
Alors que l’innovation deviendra un outil et une finalité dans les jeux géopolitiques et géostratégiques, le diplomate doit gagner en expertise et en réactivité pour évoluer dans un environnement qu’il doit être en mesure de transformer au gré des exigences du moment, préconise-t-il. “La capacité à s’appuyer efficacement sur les réseaux sociaux et les nouvelles technologies de communication constituera les attributs obligatoires des futurs diplomates”, affirme Youssef Amrani, soulignant que la dématérialisation et la digitalisation progressives du travail du diplomate sont inéluctables, à tel point qu’on observe aujourd’hui l’émergence d’une forme de diplomatie virtuelle. Et de souligner, dans ce contexte, que “l’importance du ‘soft power’ dans la diplomatie augmentera, particulièrement dans ses déclinaisons scientifique et technologique. L’innovation deviendra un outil et une finalité dans les jeux géopolitiques et géostratégiques. Le diplomate devra élargir le spectre de ses interlocuteurs en engageant de façon plus efficiente la communauté scientifique, les multinationales, la société civile et les ONG qui sont, désormais, des acteurs incontournables et souvent déterminants dans les relations internationales”.
Dans cette tribune, l’ambassadeur du Maroc a également plaidé pour une approche solidaire et responsable, comme celle prônée par le Maroc. “A l’échelle africaine, il nous appartient de toujours regarder vers l’avenir de cette émergence continentale, qui fédère les identités et mobilise les forces d’une nation africaine aux forces vives inégalées”, affirme-t-il, soulignant que ” le leadership de S.M le Roi Mohammed VI a fait de l’avènement africain une perspective non seulement voulue mais tracée à la faveur d’une vision globale, d’une action inclusive et d’une approche solidaire et responsable”. “En interne comme à l’international, la vision de S.M le Roi Mohammed VI est celle qui érige la dimension humaine au cœur des priorités, en conditionnant toutes les perspectives de développement d’abord et avant tout au bien-être, à la santé et à la sécurité du citoyen africain”, note Youssef Amrani. D’ailleurs, a-t-il dit, “la décision historique de généraliser la couverture sociale, pour tous les Marocains, préside en réalité de cette même culture d’altruisme, de cette même démarche de responsabilité et de cette même conviction humaniste”.
Kishore Mahbubani : La volonté de Washington de contenir la Chine est “une erreur stratégique”
French.china.org – 25.04.2021
La Chine n’est pas une puissance expansionniste et la volonté de Washington de contenir la Chine est une erreur stratégique, a estimé l’universitaire singapourien Kishore Mahbubani.
Lors d’un entretien avec le quotidien français Le Figaro publié début avril, M. Mahbubani, chercheur émérite à l’Institut de recherche sur l’Asie de l’Université nationale de Singapour, a déclaré que la volonté de contenir la Chine était une erreur stratégique.
Les Etats-Unis “ont lancé une compétition géopolitique contre la Chine sans élaborer au préalable une stratégie cohérente”, a constaté l’universitaire.
“Les Chinois sont très prudents et pragmatiques, et très stratégiques dans leur pensée”, a-t-il noté, ajoutant que “les Américains se mettent en péril en partant du principe qu’il leur est impossible de perdre puisqu’ils ont gagné toutes les compétitions depuis 130 ans”.
Ce diplomate chevronné et écrivain a estimé que “nous assistons à une compétition géopolitique majeure, pas une Guerre froide”.
Il a rappelé que la Chine était l’un des premiers partenaires commerciaux de l’Amérique. “Et en même temps la Chine est plus intégrée avec le reste du monde que les Etats-Unis”, a-t-il ajouté.
“Il s’agit d’une compétition géopolitique classique qui se produit lorsque la première puissance mondiale prend peur et tente de contenir la puissance émergente. Cela se produit depuis 2.500 ans, depuis l’époque d’Athènes et Sparte”, a-t-il observé. “Cela n’a rien à voir avec le communisme”.
Aux yeux de M. Mahbubani, la Chine deviendra de plus en plus sûre d’elle-même à mesure qu’elle deviendra plus puissante. Mais “elle n’est pas expansionniste”, a-t-il souligné.
“Lorsque les Etats-Unis sont devenus une grande puissance, dans les années 1890 – la situation équivalente de la Chine aujourd’hui -, la première chose qu’ils ont faite a été de déclarer la guerre à d’autres pays et de saisir des territoires comme les Philippines à l’Espagne”, a-t-il remarqué.
“Si Teddy Roosevelt (président américain 1901-1909) était le dirigeant de la Chine aujourd’hui, il prendrait tous les îlots contrôlés par le Vietnam, les Philippines, la Malaisie et Brunei”, a supposé l’universitaire.
“La Chine possède la puissance militaire pour le faire. Mais elle ne l’a pas fait. Elle revendique des territoires qui, historiquement, ont été sous son contrôle”, a-t-il conclu.
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Miguel Angel Moratinos : Le Maroc, un «modèle» en matière de dialogue interreligieux
Le Matin – 26.04.2021
Le Maroc reste un «modèle» en matière de tolérance et de dialogue interreligieux, a affirmé le haut-représentant de l’Alliance des civilisations des Nations unies, Miguel Angel Moratinos, au cours d’un webinaire organisé, jeudi, par le Centre marocain pour la tolérance et le dialogue interreligieux, à l’occasion du 62e anniversaire de la disparition de Feu S.M. Mohammed V.
M. Moratinos a mis en avant l’exemplarité du Royaume en matière de préservation des droits des croyants, de coexistence et de pluralité, rappelant la grande symbolique de la visite du Pape François au Maroc, il y a deux ans, et sa rencontre avec S.M. le Roi Mohammed VI, Amir Al Mouminine.
«Cette visite démontre la ferme volonté du vivre-ensemble et de cohabitation entre les religions abrahamiques», a insisté l’ancien chef de la diplomatie espagnole, relevant que les religions n’existent pas uniquement pour la tolérance, mais aussi pour prôner le dialogue et l’action commune.
M. Moratinos a aussi souligné le rôle d’avant-garde qu’accomplit S.M. le Roi, Amir Al Mouminine, dans la consécration du respect des religions et le libre exercice du culte, dans le cadre des traditions marocaines ancestrales. Introduisant cette rencontre, le président du Centre, Mohamed Aabidou, a rappelé l’importance qu’accordait feu S.M. Mohammed V aux valeurs de cohabitation et de tolérance, assurant que «le défunt souverain était un roi exceptionnel non seulement dans le monde arabe, mais aussi au niveau islamique dans ce domaine». «Nous savons tous comment le regretté Souverain a sauvé la vie de milliers de juifs lors de la Seconde Guerre mondiale», a-t-il commenté, notant que le Maroc est le seul pays arabe à intégrer la culture juive dans le cursus scolaire.
L’ancien ministre tunisien des Affaires étrangères, Mohamed Khalil, a salué les actions et les initiatives entreprises par feu S.M. Mohammed V, tout au long de sa vie, afin de donner sens à la communion et à l’altérité entre les adeptes des différentes religions. «Face à la conjoncture actuelle marquée par la division et les guerres, la voix du Maroc émerge, à nouveau, pour plaider le dialogue interreligieux et bâtir une nouvelle ère», soutient le diplomate tunisien. En initiant ce débat de haut niveau, le Centre marocain pour la tolérance et le dialogue interreligieux voulait, ainsi, rendre hommage au père de la Nation, Feu S.M. Mohammed V, héros de la lutte anticoloniale qui a posé les jalons du Maroc indépendant.
Thierry de Montbrial: Toward a New German Foreign Policy. Stepping Into the 21st Century
Internationale Politik Quarterly, n° 2, Spring 2021
by Thierry de Montbrial
To adapt its foreign policy to new challenges, Germany must overcome certain taboos inherited from its history.
When Angela Merkel became chancellor in 2005, the world could still be called unipolar, at least at first glance. The geopolitical consequences of China’s rise seemed abstract. The issue was raised only in small circles. China’s leaders tried to seduce the West, which in turn was preoccupied with how it could benefit from the new division of labor. In fact, the West viewed China mainly as a huge pool of cheap labor and an almost inexhaustible outlet for its products. That is why China was admitted to the WTO. The idea that the Chinese were taking advantage of the West’s ambient liberal ideology to methodically implement a power policy, based on acquiring technological world leadership, did not worry Westerners much, who thus showed themselves mainly interested in the short to medium term.
Moreover, after the dark decade during which the Soviet Union collapsed and the Russian Federation almost fell apart, the return of a strongman in the Kremlin gave NATO a new lease on life at a time when the European Union was quickly expanding and its new members were turning to the United States to guarantee their security. The rejection of the treaty establishing a constitution for Europe by the French (and Dutch) people automatically bolstered American hegemony over a West that still wanted to believe in the end of history.
Such was the international situation in late 2005. After Helmut Kohl, who left his mark on German reunification, and Gerhard Schroeder, who had to manage its costs, Angela Merkel inherited a strong Germany intent on becoming the leading power in a European Union transformed by the end of the Cold War. It also was more Atlanticist than ever, despite what was called “Gaullo-Mitterrandism,” whose last manifestation was France’s opposition to the 2003 invasion of Iraq. Germany, Belgium, and Luxembourg also voiced their opposition in their own way (getting together at the outskirts of Brussels for the so-called “praline summit,” or Pralinengipfel).
A World Transformed
Merkel’s 16 years in office saw a transformation of the world to which she adapted on a day-to-day basis, using her outstanding talent to put the pieces back together after each crisis that erupted following her accession to power. That was the case with the eurozone bailout during the financial crisis in the 2010s following the “subprime” loans debacle in the United States. It was also the case with the migration crisis after the “Arab Spring” debacle (which also helped fuel the rise of the far-right Alternative für Deutschland, or AfD). It was again the case with Brexit and even the COVID-19 pandemic.
All of these circumstances tested the European Union, which emerged a bit stronger each time—at least in the short term. Meanwhile, Chancellor Merkel turned a deaf ear to US President Donald Trump’s provocations, staying true to form: waiting, watching, and making the right gestures as late as possible. Has she understood that Trump’s 2016 election was not a bump in the road, but the most conspicuous sign of deep changes in American society and a shift in the world toward Asia, especially China? Does she believe that Joe Biden’s election (thanks to COVID-19) heralds a return to the reassuring American protectorate of yesteryear, beyond its rituals, like the annual Munich Security Conference? Candidates hoping to take her place are asking themselves these questions now. Their answers will largely determine the future of Europe and beyond.
The Late Start of the 21st Century
The 2007-08 financial crisis and the rivalry between China and the United States are what really ushered the world into the 21th century. Like it or not, the Cold War era’s Atlanticist doctrine is outdated. The geopolitical balance of power in the classic sense of the term still matters, but geo-economics has considerably increased its complexity. The fight against global warming is shaking up energy policies and raising many technological challenges. The great powers increasingly resort to sanctions.
The clear trend toward de-globalization is less a drastic reduction of interdependence than a ruthless struggle for control of critical areas with raw materials and strategic products (like semi-conductors) and, more generally, supply chains. Even more fundamentally, the reshuffling of political and economic might will depend on who controls data acquisition and use on a planetary scale. Each country, but also the European Union if we take it seriously as a political unit under construction, will weigh what its military-digital-industrial complex is worth.
The End of the German Model
Since World War II, Germany has built up its power by taking full advantage of the US protectorate for its security. Depoliticized international trade has benefitted its economy in general and its automotive industry in particular. Those days are over. This means that the future chancellor will not be able to sidestep the issue of redefining Germany’s economic model and the future of its security as an inseparable whole. Terms like “European strategic autonomy” can sometimes be frightening. However, faced with the United States’ desire to restructure the Atlantic Alliance to checkmate China, Germany will have to make real choices. No one can indefinitely hide behind a smokescreen of outdated vocabulary.
These will be security, economic, and technological choices at the same time. In theory, Germany could dream of becoming a great Switzerland or breaking the Sonderweg taboo by taking a particular path, which would push it to broaden its relations with Russia and China, already well advanced on the strictly economic level. The Nord Stream 2 pipeline is the symbol of this when it comes to Russia, and the reliance on its exports, notably automobiles, when it comes to China. But how far can Germany go it alone in this direction? Conversely, how far can it accept further increasing its dependence on the US? To what extent can it avoid directly facing the issue of boosting its military capabilities and the suspicions that such a step would inevitably arouse? How far can and will it go in this area within the European framework?
Deciding Europe’s Future
Obviously, no single individual, nor even a political debate within a coalition, can answer these questions. They will necessarily also be answered by in-depth discussions between Germany and its European partners, starting with France, with which it forms a community of destiny. Public debate will play a key role, for so many taboos lie behind all these issues. But in this sea of uncertainty, one truth stands out: although Angela Merkel will have held office between 2005 and 2021, she will remain the last German chancellor of the 20th century.
Now the 21st century in terms of international politics has truly begun. As Germany has become Europe’s leading power, its choices in the coming years will be decisive for the future of Europe and, by extension, of the international system as a whole in the next 30 years.
Read the article on the Internationale Politik Quarterly website.
François Barrault : IOT, 5G, IA, Processeurs Quantiques, tout s’accélère… en route vers le futur
Les Cahiers du Cercle des Economistes – La France est-elle toujours dans la course technologique ?
Article de François Barrault, président Idate DigiWorld
Pendant des années les innovations technologiques ont été rythmées et cadrées par les fameuses ‘lois de Moore’ : à savoir, on double la puissance informatique des processeurs tous les 18 mois. Cette référence, admise par tous les professionnels, a ainsi cranté le développement des systèmes et leur financement tout en permettant de budgéter l’évolution du parc informatique d’ailleurs souvent orchestrée par les géants américains de l’époque au rythme de leurs annonces.
Mais les choses changent et s’accélèrent à une vitesse folle : on parle de facteur 10 000 voire d’un million pour les 8-10 prochaines années. Nous sommes à l’aube d’une révolution industrielle sans précédent qui va bouleverser le monde moderne déjà fortement ébranlé depuis plus d’un an maintenant par la Covid 19. La 5G en est un des piliers, mais pas le seul.
Tout d’abord, la nouvelle la Loi de Moore 2.0 va s’appliquer à l’ensemble de la chaine de création et de traitement des données : ‘sensors’, caméras, ‘Edge Computing’ ou informatique embarquée localement, stockage infini et gratuit et enfin processeurs quantiques. Bien sûr chaque maillon se verra enrichi par de l’IA – Intelligence Augmentée et non Artificielle – qui traitera un nombre croissant d’opérations localement sans avoir à faire appel à des ressources décentralisées : les chips seront de plus en plus miniaturisés avec de grandes capacités
de stockage et traitement et, enfin, une très faible consommation énergétique et une connectivité en continu entre eux (IOT, internet des objets) et avec le cloud.
Les objets de la vie courante, nos environnements personnels ou professionnels seront des machines à collecter des données, à les traiter, les comparer et a priori à nous fournir une meilleure qualité de vie, une sécurité renforcée et pourquoi pas une porte d’entrée au ‘bonheur numérique’ ? Les nouveaux processeurs quantiques développés notamment grâce au plan ‘Quantique’ du gouvernement français avec 1,8 milliards d’Euros investis, vont augmenter considérablement les vitesses de calculs dans un rapport jusqu’alors jamais égalé.
La deuxième révolution est portée par les données et leur traitement : ‘Data is the new Gold’ !. Le premier pilier technologique va créer des trillions de données tous les jours et pour qu’elles soient vivantes et exploitables, il faut les rendre pertinentes, intelligentes, corrélées et surtout prédictives. Cela vaut non seulement pour les comportements des consommateurs mais aussi par exemple pour la maintenance qui se
doit de ne plus être seulement curative mais aussi prédictive comme pour les centrales nucléaires ou les robots des marchés financiers.
Enfin, le troisième pilier, le lien essentiel entre la technologie et les données, la 5G dont les enchères de la première allocation de fréquences en 3,5 et 3,71 Ghz ont été attribuées aux 4 opérateurs français. Il était temps car la 5G est déjà opérationnelle dans 60 pays et territoires depuis 2018 ! Quel bonheur d’avoir vu s’allumer le petit icone ‘5G’ sur nos smartphones dernier cri.
Ce triptyque, technologique, données et 5G va transformer notre quotidien et la compétitivité des entreprises et l’IA au coeur de notre vie.
Les exemples sont nombreux ; l’un d’entre eux est particulièrement pertinent pour illustrer cette accélération : la voiture connectée ou bientôt autonome.
Les ‘sensors’ ou caméras embarquées pourront identifier instantanément les obstacles rencontrés (piétons, voitures, vélos..), iront chercher dans l’ordinateur embarqué (Edge Computing) les données manquantes (tracteurs, side-cars) et, si aucun élément n’est répertorié – un éléphant rose par exemple – chercheront dans le Cloud (grâce à la 5G) et ainsi contextualiseront, analyseront puis renverront à la voiture un ordre validé par tous les spécialistes ou leurs avatars (avocats, assureurs, vétérinaires, dresseur d’éléphant etc..). La voiture s’arrêtera ou contournera l’obstacle en fonction des milliards d’opérations effectuées et ce, en quelques millièmes de seconde.
C’est exactement ce qui se passe avec l’être humain : en 4 itérations notre oeil voit un éléphant rose (au lieu de 4000 pour la machine) analyse la situation et prend la bonne décision instantanée (reflexe) ou réfléchie si le temps le permet.
Sommes-nous égaux avec la machine ?… Pas vraiment ! Nous avons 5 sens, la machine 2, la captation visuelle des évènements se fait à 300 000 Km/s et auditive à 340 m/s mais une fois dans notre cerveau, la transmission ralentit à.. 100 m/s et nos capteurs transmettent à 60 m/s les informations ou les ordres physiques à nos muscles.
Certes nous avons 3 ‘sensors’ en plus (gout, odorat, toucher) mais dans ce cas de figure notre temps de réaction à l’évènement va de 50 ms à 300 ms (de l’activité neuronale visuelle à la réponse motrice). Ce qui explique le faux départ au 100 m qui est déclaré en dessous d’un temps de réaction de 100 ms. Pendant ce temps-là, l’information dans la voiture et dans le cloud se déplace à des vitesses allant jusqu’à 300 000 km/s.
Cette accélération technologique basée sur la vitesse et la puissance, souvent assimilée à tort à l’IA, est en fait un temps de traitement de l’information très accéléré qui vient concurrencer l’être humain dans des taches d’abord basiques puis très sophistiquées ou critiques au fur et à mesure du déploiement de ces technologies.
Or la 5 G est vitale avec son débit (X5) et son temps de réaction (latence) divisé par 100.
Le déploiement de la 5G sur notre territoire suscite beaucoup de questions et réactions anxiogènes.
On lui reproche des impacts environnementaux, sanitaires et comportementaux. Si on exclut la théorie conspirationniste qui accuse la 5G de diffuser le covid-19, trois thématiques sont au cœur des débats, en plus de celui de la souveraineté nationale et de la cyber-sécurité.
• Une exposition aux ondes électromagnétiques (comme avec la 3G ou 4G) plus importantes avec l’utilisation des bandes millimétriques et une multitude d’objets connectés
• Une consommation énergétique importante (objets, capacité de stockage et de transmission)
• L’obsolescence prématurée de milliards de terminaux 4G
Ces annonces perturbent fortement les citoyens et nos élus : il faut faire preuve de beaucoup de prudence et surtout de pédagogie plutôt que de se livrer à des joutes verbales stériles sur les plateaux TV : ‘tough with fact, nice with people’
Concernant l’aspect sanitaire et pendant les 3 prochaines années, les fréquences utilisées sont très proches des existantes (3G,4G, Wifi) voire au-delà (Wifi 2,4 Ghz, 5 Ghz) à la maison. Donc pas de panique. Il nous reste 5 ans pour étudier l’impact des très hautes fréquences déjà utilisées dans certains pays.
Sur le terrain très glissant de la consommation énergétique, de nombreux efforts ont été demandés aux constructeurs, équipementiers et operateurs pour la réduire de manière très significative (facteur 100 à débit égal). L’apport de l’Intelligence Augmentée (IA !) à chaque niveau de la chaine de valeur, la miniaturisation des éléments vont contribuer à ces économies vertigineuses. Les constructeurs de mobiles travaillent
aussi d’arrache-pied sur l’obsolescence prématurée et programmée des milliards de terminaux 4G et 3G notamment sur leur recyclage ou de leur mise à jour.
En 2020, la Commission Européenne a publié une boite à outils « cyber sécurité » : son objectif est de définir une approche européenne coordonnée, fondée sur un ensemble commun de mesures qui visent à atténuer les principaux risques en matière de cyber sécurité des réseaux 5G.
La cyber sécurité doit aussi être prévue dès la conception des systèmes, des objets connectés qui coexisteront par milliards et encadrée pour assurer la sécurité des réseaux. La France a répondu aux inquiétudes par une loi (« Loi Huawei ») qui prévoit que toute entreprise qui veut mettre en place un réseau 5G devra obtenir une certification validée par l’ANSSI.
En parallèle de ces 3 révolutions technologiques concomitantes, phénomène unique depuis le début des technologies de l’information, s’accélère le cercle vertueux de l’innovation ou plus exactement du progrès. : la technologie change les usages qui changent les business models et les vecteurs d’investissement.
Le premier confinement a été d’une grande brutalité et vécu par beaucoup comme un traumatisme (on change d’état quasi instantanément). Avec le confinement forcé et grâce aux Zoom, Teams et autres outils collaboratifs, nous avons pu continuer à travailler, produire, échanger, vendre… et comme toujours, l’adaptabilité du genre humain a été remarquable. Si de nouveaux usages se sont installés très rapidement, de nouvelles questions ont émergé.
Le bureau, sanctuaire physique du travail (« je vais au bureau ! ») a été dématérialisé, les réunions « distancielles » sont devenues plus courtes, plus percutantes, les décisions plus rapides. Dès lors, dans l’après pandémie, pourquoi aller au bureau, qu’y faire ? Un grand patron du CAC 40 m’a confié que désormais les 6000 employés de leur siège à la
Défense qui arrivent dans une tranche de 45 mns, qui suivent les mêmes rituels (pauses cigarette, déjeuners…) et qui augmentent les transhumances pendulaires du matin, soir, weekends et vacances, tout cela était devenu absurde même si bien sûr demeure l’immense besoin de contacts et de liens physiques.
Tout un pan de l’économie s’est trouvé arrêté – les services divers à l’entreprise (cantines, nettoyages, transports…)- et en même temps, grâce à la technologie, on découvre une nouvelle forme de liberté où le bureau se déplace à la campagne, au domicile … De nouveaux concepts, comme les ’15 minutes cities’ émergent pour que les personnes puissent choisir entre leur maison, le ‘bureau’ et une structure hybride
près de chez eux (15 mns à pied ou à vélo) où se conjuguent convivialité et environnement de travail. Après quelques cafouillages, un nouvel ordre s’est établi. Ce nouvel ordre laissera des traces indélébiles dans nos modes de fonctionnement professionnels et privés.
Une réflexion s’impose donc sur l’organisation des grandes sociétés où le courant mondialiste a entrainé un découpage géographique/taylorien des activités en fonction des seuls critères de coût : production en Chine, centre d’appels en Inde, ingénierie en Europe..
Aujourd’hui s’ajoutent de nouveaux critères de choix, qu’ils soient écoresponsables, souverainistes ou encore cloisonnement et indépendance des sites de production. L’augmentation très significative des coûts des terres rares, chips, acier etc… va d’ailleurs accélérer la refonte du modèle : je produis où je consomme. Et en même temps, le nouvel ordre géopolitique mondial suppose que la communauté européenne se consolide afin de rester dans la compétition internationale.
Se pose aussi la question de l’organisation du travail : comment mettre en place des nouveaux modes d’organisation apprenantes, des nouveaux modèles de soutien et d’accompagnement managériaux à distance, quel rôle pour le management intermédiaire… ? Ce sujet prend d’autant plus d’acuité qu’il se conjugue avec l’irruption de la data, de l’IA, de la robotisation qui entraine une substitution des machines à l’homme pour les taches à faible valeur ajoutée ou encore dangereuses. La compétitivité économique repose sur la capacité des nations ou régions à embarquer les apports des nouvelles technologies pour bâtir une industrie 4.0 plus agile, plus fiable, plus productive. Dès lors la question de l’accompagnement du développement des compétences, de la formation aux métiers de demain est cruciale. L’Allemagne qui veut garder son industrie lourde compétitive et haut de gamme a investi massivement dans les outils 4.0 pour produire moins cher, avec la qualité que l’on connait tout en accompagnant et formant le personnel de son industrie.
Ce pivot ou le coût n’est plus le seul critère de choix est une chance pour l’Europe et en particulier la France pour nous permettre de ré-industrialiser intelligemment notre pays.
La fusée à 3 étages est partie et nous allons être les témoins vivants d’une révolution technologique et industrielle sans précédent où j’en suis sûr, l’homme trouvera sa place … ‘Stay tuned ‘ !!
Nicolas Barré : États-Unis : le “boom du vaccin” fait repartir l’emploi
Europe 1 – 05.04.2021
Nicolas Barré
Grâce à la vaccination massive et à la réouverture progressive du pays, les États-Unis voient le taux de chômage chuter de 6% et 900.000 emplois se créer en seulement un mois. Nicolas Barré fait le point sur une question d’actualité économique.
On surnomme cela le “boom du vaccin”. Aux Etats-Unis, l’emploi repart très fort et les effets de la crise du Covid seront bientôt effacés.
Le Wall Street Journal, la bible des affaires, note dans un éditorial que, le même jour, ont été annoncés un nombre record de créations d’emploi et la fin des restrictions de voyages pour tous les Américains vaccinés. Plus la campagne de vaccination avance, plus les Américains retrouvent une vie normale et l’économie se redresse. Les stigmates de la crise disparaissent. En un mois en mars, l’économie américaine a créé plus de 900.000 emplois et le taux de chômage est retombé à 6%.
En fait, le retour à la normale s’accélère.
Ça va très vite, oui. Nicolas Barré invite ceux que ça intéresse à aller faire un tour sur le site de l’université du Maryland qui a mis au point un “indice de la distanciation sociale” en compilant les données personnelles fournies par Google et par les téléphones portables. On s’aperçoit que l’on est revenu pratiquement aux mêmes comportements qu’avant la pandémie, les gens se déplacent, se croisent, bref l’économie s’est littéralement remise en mouvement comme avant.
Au fond, le meilleur plan de soutien de l’économie, c’est le vaccin.
C’est exactement ce que disent les opposants à Joe Biden qui pensent qu’en fait, ça ne sert plus à rien d’injecter des centaines de milliards d’argent public dans l’économie. Vous allez voir, ça va être LE débat politique des prochains mois entre ceux qui diront : laissez faire l’économie, regardez, vous voyez bien, ça repart tout seul dès qu’on réouvre tout. Et les chiffres de l’emploi leur donnent partiellement raison. Et en face les démocrates qui voudront dépenser encore plus d’argent public, ce qui veut dire aussi alourdir les taxes sur les entreprises. Si l’économie américaine continue d’accélérer, paradoxalement, ça ne va pas faire les affaires de Joe Biden. Il aura du mal à justifier de dépenser encore tant d’argent public alors que le chômage sera bientôt retombé à son niveau d’avant crise. Il risque de se retrouver politiquement en difficulté quand l’économie ira beaucoup mieux. L’histoire est ironique…
Visualisez l’émission dans son intégralité sur le site d’Europe 1.
Jean de Kervasdoué – La fuite des cerveaux
Le Point – 05.04.2021
Par Jean de Kervasdoué
Pourquoi donc, en économie ou en sciences, nos plus grands talents partent-ils exercer ailleurs ? Notre chroniqueur nous livre quelques explications.
Àl’instar des milieux artistiques, le monde de la recherche est sans pitié, le classement y est permanent et l’élitisme, la culture commune. En France toutefois, si l’entrée dans la carrière est très sélective, car il n’y a, chaque année, qu’un ou deux postes dans une discipline donnée[1], la quête s’arrête là et la carrière devient du jour au lendemain toute tracée. Comme sous l’Ancien Régime, le jour où un chercheur du CNRS ou de l’Inserm est titularisé, il a acquis pour la vie un statut, une « charge ». Elle le protégera, mais ne lui donnera plus aucune stimulation financière ou symbolique […]
Renaud Girard: «Le défi migratoire de Joe Biden»
Par Renaud Girard
L’élection du 46e président des États-Unis a créé un immense appel d’air pour les migrants. Surtout pour ceux d’Amérique centrale fuyant la misère, les désastres naturels et la violence des gangs.
À la frontière entre le Mexique et les États-Unis, les trafiquants d’êtres humains se sont adaptés, avec le cynisme qui les caractérise, à la nouvelle donne administrative prévalant à Washington. Joe Biden a conservé la directive sanitaire – dite Title 42 – prise par son prédécesseur qui autorise les gardes-frontières américains à reconduire immédiatement les personnes ayant franchi illégalement la frontière. Mais il a fait une exception pour les mineurs non accompagnés. Alors, on a vu des trafiquants – filmés la nuit par une caméra de surveillance – jeter des enfants par-dessus un mur frontalier de 4,2 mètres de haut. Beaucoup se blessent en tombant, mais ils sont toujours, plus tard, soignés par les gardes-frontières.
L’élection de Joe Biden, candidat qui avait vertement critiqué l’inflexibilité de Trump en matière migratoire et dénigré son projet d’un mur courant tout le long de la frontière, a créé un immense appel d’air pour les migrants. Surtout pour ceux d’Amérique centrale fuyant […]
Retrouvez l’article complet sur le site du Figaro (réservé aux abonnés).
Samir Saran: Enough Sermons on Climate, It’s Time for ‘Just’ Action
ORF online – 31.03.2021
by Samir Saran
As Britain readies to host the 26th UN Climate Change Conference of the Parties (COP26) in Glasgow in November this year, there is a concerted effort to push countries towards publicly endorsing and adopting ‘Net Zero’—a carbon neutral emission norm—as policy. This is a demand for an inflexible, near-impossible, time-bound agenda to achieve what is no doubt a noble goal. And, as is often the case with climate-related issues, the nobility of intent is at risk of being overwhelmed by sanctimonious hectoring that raises hackles instead of ensuring meaningful participation.
On 3rd March, UN Secretary-General Antonio Guterres took to Twitter to call on governments, private companies and local authorities to immediately initiate three measures to mitigate climate change: Cancel all coal projects in the pipeline; end coal plant financing and invest only in renewable energy; and, jumpstart a global effort to a ‘just transition’ from carbon to non-carbon energy sources.
On the face of it, this was an unexceptionable call from the high priest of the UN to the global laity to rise in support of an important cause. But if we were to scratch the surface of the Secretary-General’s words, we would see that his call was little more than virtue-signalling.
For, there is nothing ‘just’ about the transition that he has sought without delay. Implicit in his call is the immoral proposition to disregard poverty, despair and the yawning development deficit between nations as he places them all on the same plane. Inherent in this approach is the unedifying complicity of global institutions in foisting an arrangement founded in the belief that the poor in the developing world should underwrite the climate mitigation strategy of the developed world. The climate high priests need to realise that depriving the world’s poorest of their aspirations can never be ‘just’ climate action. It can be convenient and, hence, it has much appeal in many quarters.
The climate high priests need to realise that depriving the world’s poorest of their aspirations can never be ‘just’ climate action. It can be convenient and, hence, it has much appeal in many quarters
An Alternative Script
A waffle-free alternative script for those given to sermonising to the world would focus on three other aspects that may actually lead to faster transitions and more justice. First, an impassioned call to those who control capital—managers of pension, insurance and other funds—to ensure larger amounts of money leave the country of origin and flow to countries of deficit for building sustainable, climate resilient infrastructure of the future. The Climate Policy Initiative has calculated that less than a quarter of climate finance flows across national boundaries; in other words, the overwhelming majority of climate finance is raised for domestic projects. The states expected to disproportionately do more to battle climate change are located in Asia, Africa and Latin America. Yet, they are inadequately funded and financed and cost of capital in these places dampens the scope of action. It would be stressing the obvious to say that the frontline states cannot be expected to engage in this battle without adequate inflow of climate capital at the right price for climate action.
Second, the assessors of risk—the intractable credit rating agencies, the cash-rich central banks and the big boys of New York, London and Paris—who decide how much capital should flow in which direction, should be called upon to recalibrate their risk assessment mechanism. Let it be said, and said bluntly, that objective ‘climate risk’ outweighs subjective ‘political risk’ which prevents the flow of capital to key climate action geographies. Risk must be reassessed objectively. Till then, the highfalutin sermons of the Pontiffs of Climate would be mere lip service, which none among the Climate Laity would bother to take seriously.
Third, and, perhaps, the most ‘just’ proposition the Secretary-General could make, would be a moral directive to all Western nations to shut down coal plants and fossil fuel- based enterprises immediately and entirely abandon carbon-fuelled energy for any purpose. After all, green energy sources need room to grow and space to mature and the OECD nations must allow this at warp speed. It is farcical to deny coal plants to countries that are still struggling to claw their way up the development ladder and demand that they turn carbon neutral while thousands of units and homes belch and blow climate emissions every day in rich economies. What is good for the rich cannot be bad for the poor.
Rich countries have failed to reduce their share of fossil fuel emissions. CSEP’s Rahul Tongia has calculated that the top emitting countries in terms of per capita emissions (nations above the global average emissions) still account for about 80 per cent of global Fossil CO2. He further explains that the absolute emissions of these countries are rising even when measured in 2019. The rich took more than their fair share historically, and are still doing so. Any ‘Just Transition’ must involve evicting the squatters occupying carbon space to the detriment of others. Buying this space from the poorer is not ‘just’; it is another perverse business model based on extraction and mercantilism of centuries past.
Any ‘Just Transition’ must involve evicting the squatters occupying carbon space to the detriment of others. Buying this space from the poorer is not ‘just’; it is another perverse business model based on extraction and mercantilism of centuries past
In the run-up to COP26 at Glasgow, we are witnessing a new passion play of countries making a dramatic show of embracing the idea of Net Zero economies in the coming decades. The script of this passion play draws on starkly evocative narratives that seek to catalyse action through theatrical terms such as ‘climate emergency’. From appropriating the voice of the powerless to acquire legitimacy and crafting compelling narratives through a new cohort of well-funded ambassadors to push the envelope on climate change policy approaches, we are seeing varied actors engaging with climate issues in different ways. These different efforts have a common design, the economic objective of socialising the cost of climate action and making the poor carry the can for the rich.
That said, some facts are irrefutable. The last decade has been the warmest in recorded human history and its effects are visible to all. In February this year, an iceberg larger than New York City broke off the frozen Antarctic and my just be a prelude to what lies ahead. Indeed, the possibility of the Arctic turning into a benign waterway in the near future can no longer be ruled out. It would require extraordinary un-intelligence to argue that global warming and its fallout can be mitigated by business-as-usual decision-making. But even as there is trans-world consensus on climate change and its impact, many would and must disagree on the proposed burden-sharing and distribution of responsibilities as we respond as a collective.
The India Imperative
India will be significantly affected by climate change in the coming decades. It is already feeling the heat and is combatting challenges from its mountains to its coasts due to shifting weather cycles and changing climate. It needs clearheaded policies, backed by political will, on this single most important issue that will impact its growth, its stability and the very integrity of its geography comprising a multitude of topographies.
This is happening at a moment when India is poised to exit the low-income orbit and take off on a trajectory towards becoming a middle-income country. Its journey from a US $3 trillion economy to a US $10 trillion economy coincides with ongoing climate action, polarising climate debate and climate-impacted economics. India can neither isolate itself from this reality, nor can it be reticent or timid in making its choices known to the world. India cannot be a receiver of decisions made elsewhere; it has to be on the high table, co-authoring decisions implicating its future.
For India, the moment offers three opportunities in these challenging times. First, India has to prepare itself through its policies, politics and internal rearrangements to seize and realise the single biggest global opportunity of leading a global effort to mitigate emissions of the future. The IEA, in its India Energy Outlook 2021 Report, estimates that India’s emissions could rise as much as 50 percent by 2040—the largest of any country, in which case India would trail behind only China in terms carbon dioxide emissions. This need not happen and is an opportunity for India and the World.
India must grab this chance to lower its future emissions through the right investments, technologies and global partnerships. The developed world, too, must make a matching response: Just like the Marshall Plan invested billions to rebuild post-War Europe with Germany at its heart, a new age Climate Marshall Plan must see India at its core. India must prepare and offer itself as the single biggest climate mitigation opportunity for the world and the most important green investment destination.
The developed world, too, must make a matching response: Just like the Marshall Plan invested billions to rebuild post-War Europe with Germany at its heart, a new age Climate Marshall Plan must see India at its core
Second, neither the world nor India should forget the dictum that on climate, India solves for the world. The solutions that India experiments with and implements successfully will be fit to be repurposed for other developing countries with similar geo-topographical conditions and economic sensitivities. Many of them are frontline countries in the climate battle.
India can and must become the hub of climate action for this decade and beyond, offering services, technology and infrastructure through climate supply chains that span the developing world. The International Solar Alliance is just a modest beginning. The future holds multiple opportunities. The country must lead the charge through building financial institutions that will support and sustain green transitions and helping create green workforces fit for purpose for the coming decades, amongst others.
Third, as India celebrates 75 years of its independence in 2022 and leads the G20 in 2023, it has the chance to make its most significant identity shift. India moved from being a British colonial state to a free nation in 1947, and then moved from being perceived as a land of snake-charmers to becoming an internationally acknowledged technology hub at the turn of the century. This decade offers the chance for it to emerge first as aUS $5 trillion and then as aUS $10 trillion economy that will be green and low carbon in its evolution – the first large green economy of the fourth industrial revolution.
India’s expectations from Glasgow COP26 should be uncluttered—its single purpose must be to catalyse global flows and investments to India and other emerging economies. If India fails to attract investments, the markets will clearly have not signed on to the climate agenda. In this effort, India needs a leg-up from the Climate Pontiffs.
Perpetuation of global poverty and low incomes cannot be the rich world’s climate mitigation strategy. ‘Net Zero’ should not seek this end state. On the contrary, investing in the emerging world’s green transition is the only way to build a ‘just’ world. The UN Secretary-General could help ensure that the largest pool of new money flows to where the climate battle will be fought—in India and in the emerging world. That would be a just transition and an efficient one.
Masood Ahmed: IMF’s spring meetings lack ambition for a world in crisis

At the spring meetings of the IMF and World Bank this week, we can expect measures to support low- and middle-income countries’ pandemic recovery that are laudable but fall well short of what is required. One likely outcome will be an allocation of up to $650bn in IMF special drawing rights, the fund’s reserve currency that is used to supplement members’ official reserves. An extended pause on debt service payments for the poorest countries and a commitment from wealthy nations to help finance the global distribution of Covid vaccines will probably also be agreed. All these measures will be welcome. But they will be only marginally helpful for countries where the end of the pandemic remains far off. They certainly will not prevent IMF managing director Kristalina Georgieva’s warning of a “dangerous divergence” between economies from becoming a reality. The IMF’s projections show a prolonged and stumbling recovery for developing countries. Most are unlikely to vaccinate enough people to achieve herd immunity until 2023. Their financial buffers are near depleted, threatening the first rise in global poverty since 1990. Already 270m people face starvation. It is not too late to raise the ambition for the spring meetings. They could be used to trigger immediate action and set the agenda in a way that recognises the long-term impact of this crisis and matches it in scale, scope and duration. The IMF and the World Bank increased their lending last year. They now need to publicly commit to at least sustain their flows at this elevated level for the next five years. This will require an agreement between the institutions and their shareholders on more creative use of their balance sheets combined with commitments for new shareholder financing as needed. Second, a fundamental restructuring or writedown of debt is required for a significant number of developing countries. The common framework for debt treatments agreed by the G20 last November has potential but has achieved little so far. Shareholders should ask the IMF and World Bank to apply the framework and more actively address the debt issue, for instance by bringing recalcitrant private creditors to the table. Third, neither future pandemics nor climate change can be managed unless developing countries are engaged in the process. International financial institutions need to adapt their historical country-focused business model. Now is the time for shareholders to ask the leadership of the IFIs to produce ambitious proposals to address these global challenges.
Finally, international support for countries trapped in economic fragility and conflict remains fragmented and has yielded mixed results. The meetings should set out how IFIs and the UN can better co-ordinate on fragile states socially, politically and economically. During the pandemic there have been examples of solidarity and smart collaboration; the development of vaccines is perhaps the finest. As rich countries move from crisis management to shaping the recovery, it would be a mistake to think of the continuing crisis in the world’s poorest countries as someone else’s problem. Some will say these proposals extend the mandate of the IFIs. But maintaining the weak response we’ve seen so far would be a moral failure, and one lacking foresight. Aside from the obvious risk of leaving the virus free to circulate, it opens up the possibility of secondary crises — hunger, conflict and displacement — spilling over into the lives of everyone, everywhere. The spring meetings have the potential to determine whether this autumn is the beginning of the end of the pandemic, or the start of a more complex and dangerous phase for the world.
The writer is the UN under-secretary-general for humanitarian affairs.
Masood Ahmed, president of the Center for Global Development, co-authored this article.
Ana Palacio appelle l’UE à jouer “un rôle de premier plan” dans la résolution du conflit autour du Sahara
Le360 (avec MAP) – 25/03/2021
L’Union européenne (UE) est appelée à jouer un “rôle de premier plan” dans la relance des pourparlers entre les parties pour le règlement définitif du conflit autour du Sahara, a affirmé l’ancienne ministre espagnole des Affaires étrangères, Ana Palacio.
Le statu quo au Sahara -et au Maghreb plus largement- ne peut pas durer, a relevé l’ancienne cheffe de la diplomatie espagnole, dans une chronique publiée récemment par l’organisation médiatique internationale “Project Syndicate”, basée à Prague, notant que “la guerre, si elle revenait, alimenterait l’instabilité dans toute la région”.
Revenant sur la reconnaissance par les Etats-Unis de la souveraineté pleine et entière du Maroc sur ses Provinces du Sud, elle a relevé que les “USA ne sont pas les seuls à soutenir le Maroc dans le différend du Sahara”.
“A la fin de 2020, 18 pays d’Afrique subsaharienne et du Golfe avaient ouvert, ou exprimé leur intention d’ouvrir, des consulats au Sahara, impliquant une reconnaissance tacite de la souveraineté marocaine”, a-t-elle expliqué. De l’autre côté, a-t-elle indiqué, le Polisario a récemment contesté, sans succès, la légalité des exportations agricoles et des accords de pêche entre le Maroc et l’UE devant la Cour européenne de justice.
Elle affirme que “les Sahraouis sont pris en otage par le Polisario afin de soutenir le discours selon lequel le Maroc est un occupant, un discours qui n’est pas confirmé par le droit international”, soutenant qu’aucune des 69 résolutions du Conseil de sécurité sur le Sahara “ne fait référence à une occupation”.
Ces résolutions, a-t-elle précisé, appellent plutôt les parties à négocier un règlement politique. A rappeler que le Conseil de sécurité des Nations unies a, dans ses résolutions, notamment la dernière (2548), insisté sur la solution politique réaliste, pragmatique et durable qui repose sur le compromis, pour le règlement du conflit artificiel autour du Sahara. Il consacre de ce fait la prééminence de la proposition marocaine d’autonomie qui recueille le soutien de la communauté internationale et que l’administration américaine estime, à juste titre, comme étant la base de toute solution politique.